Both Japan and Jakarta, Indonesia, implemented new bans on single-use plastic shopping bags on 1 July 2020. Mr Shinjiro Koizumi, Japan's Minister of the Environment, said Japan aims to increase the percentage of people who do not receive plastic bags when shopping by up to 60% by the end of this year. As a result of the new regulations in Japan and Jakarta, many shoppers have begun to use their own bags.
According to a survey performed in August 2020 by NHK, a Japanese public broadcast company, more than 70% of customers have refused to pay an extra 2 to 4 cents for a plastic bag at convenience stores in Japan since the implementation of the policy. However, enforcing these regulations has not been without its challenges.
Jakarta and Japan can both be considered as late-comers to the application of single-use plastic bag bans in Asia, with a number of cities and countries having already introduced similar policies. In Malaysia, Penang State adopted a plastic ban policy in July 2009. In 2010, Selangor State started a campaign to ban plastic bags one day a week, which became an everyday ban in 2016. In the Philippines, Siquijor Island also prohibited the sale of new plastic bags in February 2019. Thailand has banned single-use plastic bags at major stores since the beginning of 2020. Meanwhile, in Indonesia, before Jakarta acted some big cities and provinces had already introduced bans, including Banjarmasin (in 2016), Balikpapan (in July 2018), Bogor (in December 2018), and Bali (in December 2018).
Some have argued that bans on plastic bags are not effective to protect the environment because the volume of plastic bag waste is not massive. In Japan, for instance, plastic bags comprise only about 2% of the total amount of plastic waste. However, the main problem is with marine lives.
Scientists found that marine species such as whales, manatees, and turtles consume plastics from floating plastic bags in the oceans. For example, 80 plastic bags were found in the stomach of a male short-finned pilot whale which died in Songkhla Province, Thailand in June 2018.
In March 2019, a young male Cuvier’s beaked whale washed up dead on the shores of Mindanao, Philippines with 40 kilograms of plastic bags in its stomach. A green turtle was rescued in Rayong Province, Thailand in May 2020, after consuming 12 inches of plastic bags. Scientists believe that marine species may mistake floating plastic bags for jellyfish, and the smell of plastic bags coated with algae and other micro-organisms attracts marine species, who often end up eating them. In other words, plastic bags are harming, and even killing, marine animals.
The plastic bag bans in Japan and Jakarta both permit some exceptions. In Jakarta, plastic bags without handles can be provided for vegetables, fish, and other messy items. Japan also allows stores to provide customers with handle-free plastic bags for free. Customers who buy vegetables or other fresh foods can use plastic bags to wrap vegetables or fruit, and put them into their own bags. These exemptions are intended to prevent stains and promote hygiene.
We can replace some specific plastics with alternatives. For instance, Banjarmasin (Indonesia) promotes the use of an alternative material bakul purun, a reusable craft bag made from the leaves of purun plants. Cotton bud sticks made from plastics can be replaced with ones made from paper. When food waste is collected for composting, it is good to use compostable plastic bags.
But it is very difficult to ban all single-use plastics immediately. Since the COVID-19 pandemic, many people have started to wear single-use masks made of plastics to limit the spread of the virus. But collection workers face the risk of infection from discarded masks. Waste masks were also found in beaches in various countries, which may affect marine species in the future. To prevent the spread of COVID-19 from masks, Japan's Ministry of the Environment recommends people dispose of used masks into plastic bags, which should be securely tied to avoid contagion.
Other plastic products provide important functions, such as PET bottles that offer access to safer drinking water where tap water is not clean enough. Plastic bottles are quite light compared to glass bottles and plastic packaging and containers can keep food safe. PET bottles are widely collected for recycling in Asia. So, recycling is another solution.
There is another opportunity to increase plastic recycling to minimise plastic leakage into the oceans. Expanded polystyrene (Styrofoam, EPS) has been banned in several countries because of high transportation costs. However, it is recycled in Japan. Local government offices, supermarkets and others have collection boxes for trays made of EPS, and fish markets also collect discarded fish containers made of EPS. The key for such recycling programmes is to invest in compressing machines which can reduce the volume to one-fiftieth of the original. By using these machines, transportation costs are minimised.
Lastly, according to a study of plastic waste management in Indonesia, two-thirds of plastic waste leaked into oceans, rivers, and lakes is generated in rural areas. The major reason is insufficient waste collection services and waste disposal facilities in these areas. Investment in waste collection and proper disposal systems is also key, not only to reduce any potential contaminations during the COVID-19 pandemic, but also to reduce marine plastic debris.
Bans on plastic bags is a starting point and we must accelerate other strategic activities. Numerous single-use plastic products, which can be replaced with more environmentally friendly alternatives, should be reduced. Recycling activities must be enforced to reduce major plastic leakage into the environment. We should also expand waste collection and proper disposal, not only in urban areas, but also in rural areas. We must do all of this because marine lives matter.
Michikazu Kojima is a senior economist at the Jakarta-based Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA).
Ellen Putri Edita and Hendro Putra Johannes are both research associates at ERIA.
Fusanori Iwasaki is executive assistant to the president, senior research associate, and director for policy research at ERIA.
Disclaimer: The views expressed are purely those of the authors and may not in any circumstances be regarded as stating an official position of ERIA
This article is published in The Manila Times on August 11, 2020 and The ASEAN Post on August 14, 2020.
Communication Desk
Both Japan and Jakarta, Indonesia, implemented new bans on single-use plastic shopping bags on 1 July 2020. Mr Shinjiro Koizumi, Japan's Minister of the Environment, said Japan aims to increase the percentage of people who do not receive plastic bags when shopping by up to 60% by the end of this year. As a result of the new regulations in Japan and Jakarta, many shoppers have begun to use their own bags.
According to a survey performed in August 2020 by NHK, a Japanese public broadcast company, more than 70% of customers have refused to pay an extra 2 to 4 cents for a plastic bag at convenience stores in Japan since the implementation of the policy. However, enforcing these regulations has not been without its challenges.
Jakarta and Japan can both be considered as late-comers to the application of single-use plastic bag bans in Asia, with a number of cities and countries having already introduced similar policies. In Malaysia, Penang State adopted a plastic ban policy in July 2009. In 2010, Selangor State started a campaign to ban plastic bags one day a week, which became an everyday ban in 2016. In the Philippines, Siquijor Island also prohibited the sale of new plastic bags in February 2019. Thailand has banned single-use plastic bags at major stores since the beginning of 2020. Meanwhile, in Indonesia, before Jakarta acted some big cities and provinces had already introduced bans, including Banjarmasin (in 2016), Balikpapan (in July 2018), Bogor (in December 2018), and Bali (in December 2018).
Some have argued that bans on plastic bags are not effective to protect the environment because the volume of plastic bag waste is not massive. In Japan, for instance, plastic bags comprise only about 2% of the total amount of plastic waste. However, the main problem is with marine lives.
Scientists found that marine species such as whales, manatees, and turtles consume plastics from floating plastic bags in the oceans. For example, 80 plastic bags were found in the stomach of a male short-finned pilot whale which died in Songkhla Province, Thailand in June 2018.
In March 2019, a young male Cuvier’s beaked whale washed up dead on the shores of Mindanao, Philippines with 40 kilograms of plastic bags in its stomach. A green turtle was rescued in Rayong Province, Thailand in May 2020, after consuming 12 inches of plastic bags. Scientists believe that marine species may mistake floating plastic bags for jellyfish, and the smell of plastic bags coated with algae and other micro-organisms attracts marine species, who often end up eating them. In other words, plastic bags are harming, and even killing, marine animals.
The plastic bag bans in Japan and Jakarta both permit some exceptions. In Jakarta, plastic bags without handles can be provided for vegetables, fish, and other messy items. Japan also allows stores to provide customers with handle-free plastic bags for free. Customers who buy vegetables or other fresh foods can use plastic bags to wrap vegetables or fruit, and put them into their own bags. These exemptions are intended to prevent stains and promote hygiene.
We can replace some specific plastics with alternatives. For instance, Banjarmasin (Indonesia) promotes the use of an alternative material bakul purun, a reusable craft bag made from the leaves of purun plants. Cotton bud sticks made from plastics can be replaced with ones made from paper. When food waste is collected for composting, it is good to use compostable plastic bags.
But it is very difficult to ban all single-use plastics immediately. Since the COVID-19 pandemic, many people have started to wear single-use masks made of plastics to limit the spread of the virus. But collection workers face the risk of infection from discarded masks. Waste masks were also found in beaches in various countries, which may affect marine species in the future. To prevent the spread of COVID-19 from masks, Japan's Ministry of the Environment recommends people dispose of used masks into plastic bags, which should be securely tied to avoid contagion.
Other plastic products provide important functions, such as PET bottles that offer access to safer drinking water where tap water is not clean enough. Plastic bottles are quite light compared to glass bottles and plastic packaging and containers can keep food safe. PET bottles are widely collected for recycling in Asia. So, recycling is another solution.
There is another opportunity to increase plastic recycling to minimise plastic leakage into the oceans. Expanded polystyrene (Styrofoam, EPS) has been banned in several countries because of high transportation costs. However, it is recycled in Japan. Local government offices, supermarkets and others have collection boxes for trays made of EPS, and fish markets also collect discarded fish containers made of EPS. The key for such recycling programmes is to invest in compressing machines which can reduce the volume to one-fiftieth of the original. By using these machines, transportation costs are minimised.
Lastly, according to a study of plastic waste management in Indonesia, two-thirds of plastic waste leaked into oceans, rivers, and lakes is generated in rural areas. The major reason is insufficient waste collection services and waste disposal facilities in these areas. Investment in waste collection and proper disposal systems is also key, not only to reduce any potential contaminations during the COVID-19 pandemic, but also to reduce marine plastic debris.
Bans on plastic bags is a starting point and we must accelerate other strategic activities. Numerous single-use plastic products, which can be replaced with more environmentally friendly alternatives, should be reduced. Recycling activities must be enforced to reduce major plastic leakage into the environment. We should also expand waste collection and proper disposal, not only in urban areas, but also in rural areas. We must do all of this because marine lives matter.
Michikazu Kojima is a senior economist at the Jakarta-based Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA).
Ellen Putri Edita and Hendro Putra Johannes are both research associates at ERIA.
Fusanori Iwasaki is executive assistant to the president, senior research associate, and director for policy research at ERIA.
Disclaimer: The views expressed are purely those of the authors and may not in any circumstances be regarded as stating an official position of ERIA
This article is published in The Manila Times on August 11, 2020 and The ASEAN Post on August 14, 2020.
Communication Desk
